Analyses | Tsung-Yuan Hsiao 蕭聰淵

Data analyses for:

Hsiao, T.-Y., & Oxford, R. L. (2002). Comparing theories of language learning strategies: A confirmatory factor analysis. Modern Language Journal, 86, 368-383. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4781.00155 (*corresponding author) (SSCI)

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I wrote a series of SAS programs to run the analyses.

The program below is an example that specifically tests

a 6-factor confirmatory factor analysis model.

Options Nodate Page = 1          ;
Data P1          ;
Infile "F:\Paper\07\Data\data-517.txt" missover    ;

%INCLUDE "F:\Paper\07\Data\include-ntou9801.txt" ;
Run; /* See the next page for the "include" file. */

/* Six-factor oblique model */
PROC CALIS Data=P1 covariance corr residual
   /* modification kurtosis */ ;
Title 'Six-factor oblique CFA model'       ;

LINEQS
   /* Factor 1: Memory Strategies */
   S1 = Ls1f1 F1 + E1 ,
   S2 = Ls2f1 F1 + E2 ,
   S3 = Ls3f1 F1 + E3 ,
   S4 = Ls4f1 F1 + E4 ,
   S5 = Ls5f1 F1 + E5 ,
   S6 = Ls6f1 F1 + E6 ,
   S7 = Ls7f1 F1 + E7 ,
   S8 = Ls8f1 F1 + E8 ,
   S9 = Ls9f1 F1 + E9 ,
   /* Factor 2: Cognitive Strategies */
   S10 = LS10F2 F2 + E10,
   S11 = LS11F2 F2 + E11,
   S12 = LS12F2 F2 + E12,
   S13 = LS13F2 F2 + E13,
   S14 = LS14F2 F2 + E14,
   S15 = LS15F2 F2 + E15,
   S16 = LS16F2 F2 + E16,
   S17 = LS17F2 F2 + E17,
   S18 = LS18F2 F2 + E18,
   S19 = LS19F2 F2 + E19,
   S20 = LS20F2 F2 + E20,
   S21 = LS21F2 F2 + E21,
   S22 = LS22F2 F2 + E22,
   S23 = LS23F2 F2 + E23,
   /* Factor 3: Compensation Strategies */
   S24 = LS24F3 F3 + E24,
   S25 = LS25F3 F3 + E25,
   S26 = LS26F3 F3 + E26,
   S27 = LS27F3 F3 + E27,
   S28 = LS28F3 F3 + E28,
   S29 = LS29F3 F3 + E29,
   /* Factor 4: Metacognitive Strategies */
   S30 = LS30F4 F4 + E30,
   S31 = LS31F4 F4 + E31,
   S32 = LS32F4 F4 + E32,
   S33 = LS33F4 F4 + E33,
   S34 = LS34F4 F4 + E34,
   S35 = LS35F4 F4 + E35,
   S36 = LS36F4 F4 + E36,
   S37 = LS37F4 F4 + E37,
   S38 = LS38F4 F4 + E38,
   /* Factor 5: Affective Strategies */
   S39 = LS39F5 F5 + E39,
   S40 = LS40F5 F5 + E40,
   S41 = LS41F5 F5 + E41,
   S42 = LS42F5 F5 + E42,
   S43 = LS43F5 F5 + E43,
   S44 = LS44F5 F5 + E44,
   /* Factor 6: Social Strategies */
   S45 = LS45F6 F6 + E45,
   S46 = LS46F6 F6 + E46,
   S47 = LS47F6 F6 + E47,
   S48 = LS48F6 F6 + E48,
   S49 = LS49F6 F6 + E49,
   S50 = LS50F6 F6 + E50;
STD
   F1 = 1, F2 = 1, F3 = 1,
   F4 = 1, F5 = 1, F6 = 1,
   E1-E50 = VARE1 - VARE50 ;
COV
   F1 F2=CF1F2, F1 F3=CF1F3, F1 F4=CF1F4,
F1 F5=CF1F5, F1 F6=CF1F6,
   F2 F3=CF2F3, F2 F4=CF2F4, F2 F5=CF2F5,
F2 F6=CF2F6,
   F3 F4=CF3F4, F3 F5=CF3F5, F3 F6=CF3F6,
   F4 F5=CF4F5, F4 F6=CF4F6,
   F5 F6=CF5F6;
VAR S1-S50    ;

Run ;

/* The program just given above uses the 'include' function.
The exact code for this 'include' file is given below: */

/**********************************************************/

Here is the 'include' file.

The file name is include-ntou9801.txt.

Input /* S=strategy K=knowledge A=anxiety

E=effective D=difficult */
@1 (S1 K1 E1 A1 D1 S2 K2 E2 A2 D2 ) (10*1.)
@12 (S3 K3 E3 A3 D3 S4 K4 E4 A4 D4 ) (10*1.)
@23 (S5 K5 E5 A5 D5 S6 K6 E6 A6 D6 ) (10*1.)
@34 (S7 K7 E7 A7 D7 S8 K8 E8 A8 D8 ) (10*1.)
@45 (S9 K9 E9 A9 D9 S10 K10 E10 A10 D10) (10*1.) /
@1 (S11 K11 E11 A11 D11 S12 K12 E12 A12 D12) (10*1.)
@12 (S13 K13 E13 A13 D13 S14 K14 E14 A14 D14) (10*1.)
@23 (S15 K15 E15 A15 D15 S16 K16 E16 A16 D16) (10*1.)
@34 (S17 K17 E17 A17 D17 S18 K18 E18 A18 D18) (10*1.)
@45 (S19 K19 E19 A19 D19 S20 K20 E20 A20 D20) (10*1.) /
@1 (S21 K21 E21 A21 D21 S22 K22 E22 A22 D22) (10*1.)
@12 (S23 K23 E23 A23 D23 S24 K24 E24 A24 D24) (10*1.)
@23 (S25 K25 E25 A25 D25 S26 K26 E26 A26 D26) (10*1.)
@34 (S27 K27 E27 A27 D27 S28 K28 E28 A28 D28) (10*1.)
@45 (S29 K29 E29 A29 D29 S30 K30 E30 A30 D30) (10*1.) /
@1 (S31 K31 E31 A31 D31 S32 K32 E32 A32 D32) (10*1.)
@12 (S33 K33 E33 A33 D33 S34 K34 E34 A34 D34) (10*1.)
@23 (S35 K35 E35 A35 D35 S36 K36 E36 A36 D36) (10*1.)
@34 (S37 K37 E37 A37 D37 S38 K38 E38 A38 D38) (10*1.)
@45 (S39 K39 E39 A39 D39 S40 K40 E40 A40 D40) (10*1.) /
@1 (S41 K41 E41 A41 D41 S42 K42 E42 A42 D42) (10*1.)
@12 (S43 K43 E43 A43 D43 S44 K44 E44 A44 D44) (10*1.)
@23 (S45 K45 E45 A45 D45 S46 K46 E46 A46 D46) (10*1.)
@34 (S47 K47 E47 A47 D47 S48 K48 E48 A48 D48) (10*1.)
@45 (S49 K49 E49 A49 D49 S50 K50 E50 A50 D50) (10*1.) /

/*

(A)INTEGRATIVENESS:

   (1) INT = integrative orientation
   (2) AES = attitudes toward English speakers
   (3) IFL = interest in foreign Language
(B)ATTITUDES TOWARD THE LEARNING SITUATION:
   (1) ETE = English Teacher evaluation
   (2) ECE = English course evaluation
(C)MOTIVATION: (1) DLE = desire to learn English
   (2) ALE = attitudes toward learning English
   (3) MI = motivational intensity
(D)LANGUAGE ANXIETY:

(1) ECA = English class anxiety
(2) EUA = English use anxiety
(E)INSTRUMENTALITY:

(1) INS = instrumental orientation
(F)SELF CONCEPT:

(1) SCA = self concept (ability controlled)
(2) SCG = self concept (given ability)

*/

@1 (IFL1 ECE7 MI2 INT1 ETE6 ALE5 INT3 SCA2 EUA10 ECA4 ) (10*1.)
@12 (AES5 IFL4 ECA8 MI4 EUA6 ECA1 MI8 EUA1 SCA4 INS4 ) (10*1.)
@23 (EUA8 INS3 SCA6 SCG5 ALE1 DLE7 MI3 DLE3 ETE1 ECE10) (10*1.)
@34 (IFL7 ETE9 MI5 ALE8 ECE2 IFL9 ETE4 DLE10 ECE9 DLE2 ) (10*1.)
@45 (IFL8 ECE4 ALE2 SCG3 SCA3 MI10 INT2 AES6 ECE5 IFL10) (10*1.)/
@1 (INT4 ETE8 IFL5 ECE8 DLE4 SCG4 SCA1 EUA9 INS2 SCA5 ) (10*1.)
@12 (AES10 IFL2 SCG6 ECA10 EUA3 MI6 EUA4 AES3 IFL6 ETE3 ) (10*1.)
@23 (ALE6 ECE1 ECA6 AES4 IFL3 ETE10 DLE1 ETE2 DLE6 ETE5 ) (10*1.)
@34 (ECE6 ALE10 ECE3 ALE3 ECA2 MI9 EUA5 ECA7 INS1 SCG2 ) (10*1.)
@45 (ETE7 DLE9 MI1 ECA9 DLE5 MI7 EUA2 ECA5 SCG1 DLE8 ) (10*1.)/
@1 (ECA3 EUA7 ALE4 ALE9 ALE7 ) ( 5*1.)
@12 SEX 1. @14 YR 2. @16 DP 2. @14 ID 8.

/*

   ID 8 digits: 1-2 year entered
3-4 departmental code (E = Evening Division)
(ChenMM) 11: Merchant Marine (商船)
(LeeME)    12: Mechanical Engineering (機械)
(HsiaoMET) 16: Marine Engineering & Technology (輪技)
(ChenSTMA, LeeSTMB) 17: Shiping & Transportation Management (航管A&B)
(ChenFS) 31: Fishery Science (漁科陳永盛)
(HsiaoMFB, HsiaoMFE) 32: marine food science (日水食B, 夜水食)
(HsiaoAQU) 33: aquaculture (日養殖A)
(LeeHRE) 52: harbor & river engineering (河工)
(HsiaoEE)    53: electrical engineering (夜電機)
(ChenO)    54: Oceanography (海科)

*/
@23 HR 2. @26 (PRONUN LISTEN GRAMMAR READ WRITE HOW ) ( 6*1.)
@34 SCORE 2. @37 GRADE 2.
@45 CLASS $ 8.       ;

/* The following lines for reverse scoring variables */
AES6=9-AES6 ; AES10=9-AES10 ; /* (ATTITUDES TOWARD ENG SPEAKERS) */
IFL6=9-IFL6 ; IFL7=9-IFL7 ; IFL8=9-IFL8 ; IFL9=9-IFL9 ; IFL10=9-IFL10 ;
ETE6=9-ETE6 ; ETE7=9-ETE7 ; ETE8=9-ETE8 ; ETE9=9-ETE9 ; ETE10=9-ETE10 ;
ECE6=9-ECE6 ; ECE7=9-ECE7 ; ECE8=9-ECE8 ; ECE9=9-ECE9 ; ECE10=9-ECE10 ;
DLE6=9-DLE6 ; DLE7=9-DLE7 ; DLE8=9-DLE8 ; DLE9=9-DLE9 ; DLE10=9-DLE10 ;
ALE6=9-ALE6 ; ALE7=9-ALE7 ; ALE8=9-ALE8 ; ALE9=9-ALE9 ; ALE10=9-ALE10 ;
MI6 =9-MI6 ; MI7 =9-MI7 ; MI8 =9-MI8 ; MI9 =9-MI9 ; MI10 =9-MI10 ;
ECA6=9-ECA6 ; ECA7=9-ECA7 ; ECA8=9-ECA8 ; ECA9=9-ECA9 ; ECA10=9-ECA10 ;
EUA6=9-EUA6 ; EUA7=9-EUA7 ; EUA8=9-EUA8 ; EUA9=9-EUA9 ; EUA10=9-EUA10 ;
SCG4=9-SCG4 ; SCG5=9-SCG5 ; SCG6=9-SCG6 ;

D1 = 9-D1 ; D2 = 9-D2 ; D3 = 9-D3 ; D4 = 9-D4 ; D5 = 9-D5    ;
D6 = 9-D6 ; D7 = 9-D7 ; D8 = 9-D8 ; D9 = 9-D9 ; D10 = 9-D10 ;
D11 = 9-D11 ; D12 = 9-D12 ; D13 = 9-D13 ; D14 = 9-D14 ; D15 = 9-D15 ;
D16 = 9-D16 ; D17 = 9-D17 ; D18 = 9-D18 ; D19 = 9-D19 ; D20 = 9-D20 ;
D21 = 9-D21 ; D22 = 9-D22 ; D23 = 9-D23 ; D24 = 9-D24 ; D25 = 9-D25 ;
D26 = 9-D26 ; D27 = 9-D27 ; D28 = 9-D28 ; D29 = 9-D29 ; D30 = 9-D30 ;
D31 = 9-D31 ; D32 = 9-D32 ; D33 = 9-D33 ; D34 = 9-D34 ; D35 = 9-D35 ;
D36 = 9-D36 ; D37 = 9-D37 ; D38 = 9-D38 ; D39 = 9-D39 ; D40 = 9-D40 ;
D41 = 9-D41 ; D42 = 9-D42 ; D43 = 9-D43 ; D44 = 9-D44 ; D45 = 9-D45 ;
D46 = 9-D46 ; D47 = 9-D47 ; D48 = 9-D48 ; D49 = 9-D49 ; D50 = 9-D50 ;

/* INTEGRATIVENESS */
INT = int1 + int2 + int3 + int4 ;
AES = aes3 + aes4 + aes5 + aes6 ;
IFL = ifl1 + ifl2 + ifl3 + ifl4 + ifl5 + ifl6 + ifl7 + ifl8 + ifl9 + ifl10;
/* ATTITUDES TOWARD LEARNING SITUATION */
ETE = ete1 + ete2 + ete3 + ete4 + ete5 + ete6 + ete7 + ete8 + ete9 + ete10;
ECE = ece1 + ece2 + ece3 + ece4 + ece5 + ece6 + ece7 + ece8 + ece9 + ece10;
/* MOTIVATINOAL INTENSITY */
DLE = dle1 + dle2 + dle3 + dle4 + dle5 + dle6 + dle7 + dle8 + dle9 + dle10;
ALE = ale1 + ale2 + ale3 + ale4 + ale5 + ale6 + ale7 + ale8 + ale9 + ale10;
MI = mi1 + mi2 + mi3 + mi4 + mi5 + mi6 + mi7 + mi8 + mi9 + mi10 ;
/* LANGUAGE ANXIETY */
ECA = eca1 + eca2 + eca3 + eca4 + eca5 + eca6 + eca7 + eca8 + eca9 + eca10;
EUA = eua1 + eua2 + eua3 + eua4 + eua5 + eua6 + eua7 + eua8 + eua9 + eua10;
/* INSTRUMENTALITY */
INS = ins1 + ins2 + ins3 + ins4 ;
/* SELF-CONCEPT */
SCA = sca1 + sca2 + sca3 + sca4 + sca5 + sca6 ;
SCG = scg1 + scg2 + scg3 + scg4 + scg5 + scg6 ;

KNOW = K1 + K2 + K3 + K4 + K5 + K6 + K7 + K8 + K9 + K10 +
   K11 + K12 + K13 + K14 + K15 + K16 + K17 + K18 + K19 + K20 +
   K21 + K22 + K23 + K24 + K25 + K26 + K27 + K28 + K29 + K30 +
   K31 + K32 + K33 + K34 + K35 + K36 + K37 + K38 + K39 + K40 +
   K41 + K42 + K43 + K44 + K45 + K46 + K47 + K48 + K49 + K50 ;
EFTV = E1 + E2 + E3 + E4 + E5 + E6 + E7 + E8 + E9 + E10 +
   E11 + E12 + E13 + E14 + E15 + E16 + E17 + E18 + E19 + E20 +
   E21 + E22 + E23 + E24 + E25 + E26 + E27 + E28 + E29 + E30 +
   E31 + E32 + E33 + E34 + E35 + E36 + E37 + E38 + E39 + E40 +
   E41 + E42 + E43 + E44 + E45 + E46 + E47 + E48 + E49 + E50 ;
AUS = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + A5 + A6 + A7 + A8 + A9 + A10 +
   A11 + A12 + A13 + A14 + A15 + A16 + A17 + A18 + A19 + A20 +
   A21 + A22 + A23 + A24 + A25 + A26 + A27 + A28 + A29 + A30 +
   A31 + A32 + A33 + A34 + A35 + A36 + A37 + A38 + A39 + A40 +
   A41 + A42 + A43 + A44 + A45 + A46 + A47 + A48 + A49 + A50 ;
DLUS = D1 + D2 + D3 + D4 + D5 + D6 + D7 + D8 + D9 + D10 +
   D11 + D12 + D13 + D14 + D15 + D16 + D17 + D18 + D19 + D20 +
   D21 + D22 + D23 + D24 + D25 + D26 + D27 + D28 + D29 + D30 +
   D31 + D32 + D33 + D34 + D35 + D36 + D37 + D38 + D39 + D40 +
   D41 + D42 + D43 + D44 + D45 + D46 + D47 + D48 + D49 + D50 ;

STR1 = S1 +S2 +S3 +S4 +S5 +S6 +S7 +S8 +S9    ;
STR2 = S10+S11+S12+S13+S14+S15+S16+S17+S18+S19+S20+S21+S22+S23 ;
STR3 = S24+S25+S26+S27+S28+S29 ;
STR4 = S30+S31+S32+S33+S34+S35+S36+S37+S38 ;
STR5 = S39+S40+S41+S42+S43+S44 ;
STR6 = S45+S46+S47+S48+S49+S50 ;
STRA = STR1 + STR2 + STR3 + STR4 + STR5 + STR6 ;

Tsung-Yuan Hsiao 蕭聰淵. Email: tyhsiao@ntou.edu.tw.